The future of homosexuals Essay Example for Free

The future of homosexuals Essay By the end of twentieth century, the demand was already growing for homosexuals to have parental rights equal to heterosexuals’. The claims were modest: mainly the simple right to have to raise children in a homosexual household without prejudice from the wider society. The reason homosexuality swamped whole gene pools in the evolutionary past was that when not constrained by STDs homosexuals produced more children than heterosexuals. In the future, when the number of children a person produces will depend much less on what they learn from their sexual experiences, homosexuality is unlikely to enjoy such dominance. Homophobes can forget the ghost of a future domination by homosexuals, and homosexuals can cast off their paranoia about future victimization. The technology of the future will protect everybody, as long as the freedom of reproductive choice is left to individuals and not hijacked by dictatorial majorities (Baker, 2000). â€Å"America is in the midst of a cultural war, a war for the hearts, mind, and souls of the nation, a war over America’s understanding of itself,† as what Pat Buchanan had said. The nation’s current struggle with lesbian and gay issues is a central battle over culture. America is at a pivotal point on gay issues and is undergoing an important structural change that promises well for positive results. Fortunately, it is now at least acceptable to inquire about these issues in public discussion. The taboo upon lesbians and gay men has been lifted up (Corvino, 1997). The American government was not especially involved in regulating homosexuality, at least not enough to direct the criminal justice system to aggressively suppress homosexual behavior. They can today choose to live outside the closet because the state has retreated from its campaigns of homosexual persecution. References Ann Elisabeth Auhagen, M. v. S. (1996). The Diversity of Human Relationships: Cambridge University Press. Baker, R. (2000). Sex in the Future: The Reproductive Revolution and How It Will Change Us: Arcade Publishing. Benjamin J. Sadock, V. A. S. (2007). Kaplan and Sadocks Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry: Wolters Kluwer Health. Calhoun, C. (2000). Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement: Oxford University Press. Corvino, J. (1997). Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of Homosexuality: Rowman Littlefield. Hensley, C. (2002). Prison Sex: Practice and Policy: Lynne Rienner Publishers. John P. De Cecco, D. A. P. (1995). Sex, Cells, and Same-Sex Desire: The Biology of Sexual Preference: Haworth Press. Laumann, E. O. (1994). The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States: University of Chicago Press. MacDougall, B. (2000). Queer Judgments: Homosexuality, Expression, and the Courts in Canada: University of Toronto Press. McNair, B. (2002). Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratization of Desire: Routledge. Raymond J Corsini, W. E. C. , Charles B Nemeroff. (2001). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science: John Wiley and Sons. Rouse, B. L. P. P. (2002). Marital and Sexual Lifestyles in the United States: Attitudes, Behaviors: Haworth Press. Thomas, R. M. (2001). Recent Theories of Human Development: Sage Publications Inc.

Strategies for Selecting a Topic Essay Example for Free

Strategies for Selecting a Topic Essay Question-Answer What two objects, people, subjects, or concepts are you going to compare and contrast?The subjects I am going to use is Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 What are the similarities between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many similarities that you can think of. One type of bipolar acts out unexpectedly and has similar adhd acts. The other type of bipolar acts out uncontrollable, and has similar, mood disorders and adhd. What are the differences between the two objects, people, subjects, or concepts? List as many differences that you can think of.The differences are one bipolar is uncontrollably and the other bipolar is more timid Are you going to focus on similarities, differences, or both? Explain your rationale. I want to explain the differences and similarities and hope to let people know that there are others out there with the same problems. What do you want your readers to learn and understand after reading your essay? What is the purpose of your essay?The differences between the two, and I want to know that just because kids look normal they may not be. What three parallel points of comparison or contrast will you address in your essay? For example, if you were going to compare and contrast two teachers, your three parallel points might be these: †¢Each teacher’s homework policy †¢Each teacher’s classroom conduct policy †¢Each teacher’s demeanor 1.The differences between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2.What types of other mental disorder usually comes with the two types of bipolar and different ways to try to handle the situations and medications. 3.Some of the ways to know how each child is and how to go about it from the morning through school and at home. Explain why this is an appropriate and workable topic selection for the final assignment.This  is an appropriate workable topic because people need to be aware of different kids of kids and not to judge. The most important is to let people know that they are not alone because there are not many blogs, groups out there for these families.

Climate Change Impacts On Plankton In Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impacts On Plankton In Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay Plankton are pelagic organisms as primary production providing food for marine mammals and commercially important fish. However, nowadays, it is widely accepted that global warming is occurring, and it is inevitable to impact on the marine pelagic realm. Any decline or increase in abundance, growth and trophic efficiency of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities will lead to decline or increase in higher tropic levels, even the entire ecosystems. The only way to reduce these effects is to reduce CO2 emissions to atmosphere. Further, the consideration of research should be including long-term changes in plankton biomass and community structure. Plankton are organisms that have limited locomotive ability relative to the water where they live. These organisms are ranging in size from viruses to large jellyfish. In tropical scale, plankton communities are highly diverse, containing organisms from almost all phyla and families. Furthermore, these organisms use their environment, its resources, and each other, in a wide variety of ways. The way to classify planktonic organisms is based on their size, which affects sinking, light utilization, mobility and tropic status. In addition, they have particular functional roles (grazers and nitrogen-fixers) in the ecosystem as well (McKinnon et al. 2007). However, nowadays, more and more marine scientists have paid attention on climate change which has strong impacts on these organisms in the ocean. For example, increased water temperature and ocean acidification have impacts on those tiny organisms in biological and physical ways (Richardson et al. 2004; Riebesell et al. 2000; Beaugrand et al. 2003; Lynam et al. 2005). The role of plankton in the ocean Phytoplankton account for approximately half the global primary production Richardson et al. 2004), and consequently play an important role in cycling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Micro- and Macrozooplankton are the basis of food webs supporting oceanic and many coastal fisheries (Richardson et al. 2004). In addition, they are also playing an important role in linking pelagic and benthic environment (McKinnon et al. 2007). Critical factors regulating plankton communities To date, a number of studies have demonstrated that the abundance and growth of plankton are affected by several climate stressors that will respond to climate change, including water temperature, ocean chemistry, light, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and nutrient enrichment (McKinnon et al. 2007). Although there are still having a limited understanding of how climate change will affect planktonic organisms, more studies have done that trying to find out profound meaning. Vulnerability Planktonic organisms all have short life cycles: hours to days for phytoplankton, seven to ten days for copepods, and weeks to months for macrozooplankton. This means that plankton respond quickly to changes in their physical environment. Therefore, they respond more rapidly than longer-lived animals such as fish, and mammals (McKinnon et al. 2007). Changes in water temperature All plankton are poikilothermic. A number of studies have shown that plankton growth rate, abundance, distribution, and timing of bloom are all influenced by temperature (Beaugrand et al. 2002; Edwards and Richardson 2004; Kirby et al. 2007; Richardson and Schoeman 2004). Besides, studies have shown that plankton species changes in temperature are more likely to directly affect metabolic processes rather than the whole community biomass, especially if plankton communities are resource limited. Moreover, changes in phytoplankton community composition and productivity will have flow-on effects on the productivity of zooplankton grazers (McKinnon et al. 2007). Ocean acidification and increased dissolved CO2 The direct effect of ocean acidification on zooplankton will be to dissolve their shells, increasing shell maintenance costs and reducing growth (Hallegraeff 1984). Furthermore, the declining pH may also change the growth rates of photosynthetic organisms. This means changes in pH will affect nutrient taking and thus alter rates of growth and photosynthesis (McKinnon et al. 2007). Changes may also occur in phytoplankton cell composition, which could affect their nutritional value for higher trophic levels (Richardson et al. 2004). Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) Studies have found that UVR impacts growth, mobility, and the relative dominance of many phytoplanktonic organisms (McKinnon et al. 2007). These effects compromise the ability of phytoplankton to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Hader and Hader 1989; Hader and Liu 1990). They also result in changes in cellular elemental stoichometry including increased cellular carbon content and decreased chlorophyll content (Hessen et al 1997). Further, in large-scale, UVR can cause changes in phytoplankton community structure because small cells are more prone to effects of UVR than large cells, and have comparatively high metabolic costs to screen out damaging UVR (Raven and Gilmartin 1982). Consequently, these negative effects of such changing can propagate to zooplankton (Keller et al. 1997). Linkages with other ecosystem components Some studies have shown that any decline or increase in abundance, growth and trophic efficiency of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities that is influenced by climate change is likely to lead to the decline or increase in higher trophic levels (Hunter 1981; Richardson et al. 2004; McKinnon et al. 2007). For example, fish larvae feed on plankton, and variations in the timing and extent of plankton reproduction could influence patterns of recruitment of fishes and invertebrates (Hunter 1981; Lynam et al. 2005). Management strategies The large-scale oceanographic, weather and climate processes are driving climate change impacting on plankton. Furthermore, due to the enhanced levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and rates of fossil burning, the process of ocean acidification is deterioration inevitable over next several centuries. To re-equilibrate the pH is not practical, and this will take a long time for ocean chemistry to return to a condition before industrial times. The only way to reduce these effects is to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Conclusion The lack of information on the state of specific regions of plankton communities currently hinders biologists from being able to address the impacts of climate changes on those areas. Therefore, in the future, the consideration should be given to the inclusion of more plankton monitoring sites in that specific region to track long-term changes in plankton biomass and community structure, particularly for those few organisms that are at risk from ocean acidification.

Identity Negotiation and Perception of Hair Essay -- African American

A woman’s hair is often referred to as her â€Å"crown and glory.† Hair is a salient physical characteristic of one’s self concept and how others view their level of attractiveness. One of the major intra-prejudice amongst African Americans is hair texture. This stigma is especially prevalent among African American women. For African American women, hair carries an even greater psychological complexity. Starting from slavery, African Americans were judged by the texture and curl pattern of their hair. For example, Blacks with lighter skin color and straight/wavy hair had certain advantages oppose to those Blacks who possessed more afro-centric features, such as darker skin and kinky hair (Myrdal, 1962; Neal & Wilson, 1989; Parrish 1944; Poussaint, 1975; Reuter, 1917). While a plethora of commentaries have been written on black hair, few empirical studies exist that have examined the reverberating consequences of slavery, as it relates to the western indoctr ination of hair and its impact on racial identity/self-concept among African American women. History of the Complexity of Hair among Black Women The origin of the controversy surrounding African American hair dates back to slavery. It was a major phenotypic characteristic used to classify African Americans’ racial identity, intelligence and attractiveness (Guthrie, 1998). European culture was used as the reference group of comparison. Whiteness became identified with all that is civilized, virtuous and beautiful, whereas Blackness was deemed as inferior, rebellious, and inadequate. Guthrie (1998) reported that the hair of the black man was wool, not hair. Subsequently, this racist ideology was internalized by many African Americans, which resulted in what Jones and Shorter-G... ...al, political and economic strides African Americans have made in society, are African American women still psychologically enslaved to their hair? The purpose of this study is to examine current perceptions of hair and its importance to racial identity and self concept among African American female college students. More specifically, this investigation addresses the following research question: Are perceptions of African American hair related to perceived attractiveness, self-concept, racial identity, and overall happiness? It is hypothesized that: 1) African American women are more likely to perceive mainstream hair texture, such as straight, permed hair, as more attractive than natural/ kinky hair; 2) An interactive effect is expected between skin-tone and hair texture on the dependent variables attractiveness, racial identity, self concept, and happiness.

Comparing Bharati Mukherjees The Tenant and Susan Minots Lust Essay

Comparing Bharati Mukherjee's The Tenant and Susan Minot's Lust      Ã‚  Ã‚   The protagonists in both Bharati Mukherjee's "The Tenant" and Susan Minot's "Lust" are extremely promiscuous; both have many sexual relationships with little emotional involvement and no commitment. While the two protagonists display many of the same behaviors and often have similar motivations, their reasoning and reactions sometimes differ. "The Tenant" and "Lust" offer two different perspectives into the social expectations that would lead someone to be so irresponsible with their relationships. Both Maya, the protagonist of "The Tenant", and the unnamed protagonist of "Lust" have many relationships in the course of the stories. These relationships are characterized by a lack of depth, commitment, and emotional involvement. Maya "has slept with married men, with nameless men, with men little more than boys, but never with an Indian man" (106). "Lust" goes through the various sexual exploits of the main character, who views sex almost as a courtesy; she explains that "If you go out with them, you sort of have to do something" (292). The reasoning behind the promiscuity of both women is rooted in the desire to rebel against the cultures in which they were raised and, at the sam... ...least aware of the effects on herself.    "The Tenant" and "Lust" are insights into the minds of two women who have similar motivations, but react differently to the same behavior. Their backgrounds and their emotional reactions give hints to why they choose to live the way they do, and why they feel it is appropriate or necessary. For both women, their motivations all lead back in some way to social expectations, although one woman is trying to conform to them and the other is trying to defy them.    Works Cited Meyer, Michael, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. New York: Bedfort/St. Martin's, 1999.

Nick Carraway in Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

NICK CARRAWAY has a special place in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. He is not just one character among several; it is through his eyes and ears that the story takes place. In this novel, Nick goes to some length to establish his credibility, indeed his moral integrity, in telling this story about this "great" man called Gatsby. He begins with a reflection on his own upbringing, quoting his father's words about Nick's "advantages,† which we could assume were material but, he soon makes clear, were spiritual or moral advantages. Nick wants his reader to know that his upbringing gave him the moral fiber with which to withstand and pass judgment on an amoral world, such as the one he had observed the previous summer. He says, rather pompously, that as a consequence of such an upbringing, he is "inclined to reserve all judgments" about other people, but then goes on to say that such "tolerance . . . has a limit.† This is the first sign the narrator gives the reader to show he will give an even-handed insight to the story that is about to unfold. Later the reader learns he neither reserves all judgments nor does his tolerance reach its limit. Nick is very partial in his way of telling the story about several characters. He admits early into the story that he makes an exception of judging Gatsby, for whom he is prepared to suspend both the moral code of his upbringing and the limit of intolerance, because Gatsby had an "extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness.† This inspired him to a level of friendship and loyalty that Nick seems unprepared to extend towards others in the novel. Nick overlooks the moral implications of Gatsby's bootlegging, his association with speakeasies, and with Meyer Wolfsheim, the man rumored to have fixed the World Series in 1919. Yet, he is contemptuous of Jordan Baker for cheating in a mere golf game. While he says that he is prepared to forgive this sort of behavior in a woman: "It made no difference to me. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame too deeply - I was casually sorry, and then I forgot," it seems that he cannot accept her for being "incurably dishonest" and then reflects that his one "cardinal virtue" is that he is "one of the few honest people" he has ever known. When it comes to judging women - or perhaps only pote... ...e said, even through his appalling sentimentality, I was reminded of something - an elusive rhythm, a fragment of lost words, that I had heard somewhere a long time ago . . ." These are Nick's words. Whose "appalling sentimentality" is operating here? Has Nick reported any of Gatsby's words - which comprise so little of the novel - to suggest that he would even begin to put his love for Daisy in these "sentimental" terms? Is not this excess of sentiment in fact Nick's sentiment for Gatsby or perhaps Nick's attempt at displaying those "rather literary" days he had in college? Or both? The reader should consider the distance that Fitzgerald has created between his presence in the story and Nick's and their implications. Fitzgerald has created a most interesting character in Nick because he is very much a fallible storyteller. When an author unsettles an accepted convention in the art of storytelling by creating a narrator like Nick, it draws attention to the story as fiction, as artifice. Ironically, in doing this, he has created in Nick a figure who more closely resembles an average human being and thus has heightened the realism of the novel

Martin Bernal and describes Essay

Black Athena is the works of Martin Bernal and describes the Afro-asiatic roots of classical civilization in ancient Greece. Martin examines the perception of ancient Greece in relation to its African and Asiatic neighbours especially in West Europe. This occurred in the 18th century onwards and exhibits the denial by the western academia and the influence of the Greek culture on civilization. In his work Bernin does not support the Greek civilization as being founded by the Aryan settlers whose trace is Europe. He gives proves as to the arguments of the famous great Grecian thinkers like Plato, Socrates and Aristotle that Phoenician civilization originally colonized Greece. In this basis he comes up with a theory based on the methodology of these historians and this theory states that Greece was colonized by northern invaders with their existing colony established in Phoenicia. (Moore, 2001) He uses several examples to explain that countries of Africa like Egypt and those on the west are being admired by prominent European leaders because of their historical backgrounds. The current Greek language spoken in classical Grecian world has its roots in the proto Greek language and influence from other Anatolian languages that were spoken nearby. The culture in Greece is believed to have been developed as a result of comparison of unity of elements. Bernam puts great emphasis on the elements of Africa that shaped the Grecian history. He compares the 19th and 20th century eurocentrism with the development of the western appropriation culture and its development. He argues that the western world influenced the Modern Greek language terming the contact between the indo European languages and the culturally influenced Egyptian and Semitic languages as very key in the determination of the modern Grecian culture and language. He gives examples of some words being used in the modern language of Greece to have been from these origins. He estimates the introduction of the Greek alphabet to have been between the period 1800 and 1400 BC. (Moore, 2001) Bernal came to the conclusion that the relationship between ancient Greek and Egyptian influence should not be taken lightly. His background traces to the interests he had on Egypt since childhood and the inspirations by his father. He is further encouraged to take this direction by the discovery of the works of Cyrus Gordon and Astour. Afrocentrism which is now the most felt model in the North American primary and secondary schools has been noted to be the most significant and challenging developments in higher education systems and curriculums. It’s a model which encompasses both multi cultural and Afro Hellenic orientations. This simply means that it’s grounded in ethnic and cultural diversity and the aspect that it is attributed to Africa. In contrast with the black Athena which attributes the development of modern Greece to the western world, the Afrocentric model attributes it to be an abstract, intellectual civilization which is grounded in the traditional orientations of western civilization. Bernal’s discovery of the black Athena is the modern thinking of how the Greek world came into being but has been criticized as not with definite reasons as afrocentric movement. His was of a different order that racist and anti Semitic scholars only showed the historical facts from the Bronze Age onwards making the culture of Greece to be a product of only Egyptians and Levantines. He argues that for the complete concealing of the origin of the Greek culture we need to consider the north of Athens and the medditerenian island of Crete, civilizations which took place in the third millennium. Bernal’s case is different from the afrocentric models because it rests upon on legend and myth. It relies upon the stories told by the ancient Greeks like Aristotle and Aristotle. He interprets these stories as the memories of the Egyptian and Phoenician developments. There is a critic about this however because we need to ask ourselves ‘of what benefit is myths and legends? ’ (Bernal, 1987) Bernal attributes archaeology, myth and linguistic borrowings as evidence to the development in Greece. The history and development of Greece is of much importance to the culture adopted today in Greece. Without the historical base Bernal suggests that tracing of the Greek history and civilization would be very complicated. Bernal claims that approximately 30% of Greek is of Semitic origin, 20% from Egyptian origin and the rest from the ancient Greek origin. Critics however have suggested that his demonstrations is only based on the resemblance merely and not the principles of linguistic adaptation. Bernal takes the similarity of a few words and tries to generalize. The afro centric orientation is based on the western world and argues that linguistic development in Greek civilization has been natural like the development of any other language. (Bernal, 1987) The contention that the Egyptians were the greatest civilization in history is critically opposed by the Afrocentrists. Afrocentrists view the Egyptians as only blacks who cannot contribute anything to the civilizations which took place especially in Greece. Bernal regarded the developments of Greeks like the scientific and mathematical orientations as very important movements. It’s however criticized by the afrocentrics as a total disregard of the facts of chronology. Conclusion The black Athena and the afrocentric movements have had an influence to the history and civilizations of the current Grecian histories. In our study of the two models we need to understand the fact that the current ancient civilization is as a result of amalgamation of the two models. Bernal in his book Black Athena: The afroasiantic roots of Classical civilization addresses the issues which have made the Greek world today be the way it is. Reference: Bernal, M. (1987) Black Athena: Afroasiantic roots of Classical Civilization, Rutgers University press. Moore, D. (2001) Black Athena writes back, Duke University press.